نگرشی برمخاطرات شیمیایی منابع غذایی آبزیان با تاکید بر فلزات سنگین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه بهداشت خوراک دام ، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایران

2 موسسه آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مواد غذایی با منشأ آبزیان بخش مهمی از سفره غذایی انسان را تشکیل می‌دهند و آبزی‌پروری یکی از اجزای مهم در امنیت غذایی جهان به‌حساب می‌آید. صنعت آبزی‌پروری با چالش‌های متعددی در زمینه ایمنی خوراک مواجه است که می‌تواند بر سلامت موجودات آبزی و ایمنی محصولات غذایی مشتق شده از آن‌ها تأثیر بگذارد. هدف این مقاله، بررسی چالش‌های چندوجهی مرتبط با ایمنی خوراک در آبزی‌پروری و پیشنهاد راه‌حل‌های بالقوه با استفاده از طیف وسیعی از منابع علمی است. شیوه‌های آبزی‌پروری به­طور قابل‌توجهی در چند دهه گذشته به دلیل افزایش تقاضا برای ماهی و محصولات دریایی تکامل‌یافته است. با وجود این، این شیوه‌ها به‌ویژه در مورد آلودگی خوراک آبزیان بدون چالش نخواهند بود. آلودگی‌های شیمیایی در منابع اولیه و محصول نهایی خوراک آبزیان از ابعاد مختلفی از جمله سموم قارچی، فلزات سنگین و میکروپلاستیک‌ها بررسی می‌شوند که می‌توانند اثرات مضری بر روی موجودات آبزی و سلامت انسان داشته باشد. تأثیر فلزات سنگین بر سلامت ماهی موضوعی است که در سال‌های اخیر توجه زیادی را به خود جلب کرده است. فلزات سنگین مانند جیوه، سرب، کادمیوم، آرسنیک وکروم آلاینده‌های محیطی پایداری هستند که می‌توانند در اکوسیستم‌های آبی انباشته شوند و از طریق مصرف ماهی‌های آلوده اثرات مضری بر سلامت ماهی و متعاقباً سلامت انسان داشته باشند. تجمع زیستی این فلزات در بافت‌های آبزیان خطرات جدی به همراه دارد، زیرا می‌توانند عملکردهای فیزیولوژیک و توانایی‌های تولیدمثلی را مختل کنند که متعاقباً منجر به اختلالات سلامتی هم در موجودات آبزی و هم در انسان خواهند شد. همچنین باید در مراحل ساخت صنعتی و در فرآیندهای تولید خوراک در کارخانه‌های تولید خوراک آبزیان نکات نظارتی در غالب استاندارهای تولید بهداشتی اجرا شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Perspectives on chemical hazard contamination on aquatic feed resources by heavy metals

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Baeelashaki 1
  • Soheil Ghaemmaghami 2
1 Department of Animal Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azad University of Iran, Tehran, Iran
2 Institute of Agricultural Education and Extension, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Fish feeding is typically composed of various ingredients, some of which may be contaminated with chemical hazards, especially heavy metals, due to environmental pollution or poor processing practices. For instance, researchers demonstrated that the distribution of heavy metals in fish tissues is significantly influenced by the metal load present in water, sediment, and feedstuffs that contaminated final product. Many commercial feed producers fail to meet safety standards, leading to the incorporation of contaminated raw materials into fish feed. The feed used in aquaculture is crucial and has a significant impact on the health and quality of aquatic organisms, which in turn affects public health for humans. If the feed for aquatic animals is exposed to chemical contaminants, it poses risks not only to the health of the fish but also to the final consumers. Chemical hazards in aquaculture can lead to bioaccumulation in fish, ultimately affecting the end consumers of these products.
Description: Contaminants such as heavy metals, mycotoxins, persistent organic pollutants, and veterinary drug residues are prevalent in aqua feeds and can accumulate in fish tissues, leading to food safety concerns. For instance, researchers highlight the presence of metals such as mercury and cadmium in fish feeds, which can adversely affect the quality of aquaculture products. Mycotoxin contamination in plant-based feed ingredients can lead to significant health issues in fish and, consequently, in humans consuming these fish. The World Health Organization has reported that a significant percentage of diseases in human populations worldwide can be attributed to prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants, including heavy metals. This highlights the urgent need to monitor and regulate heavy metal levels in aquatic environments to safeguard both fish health and public health. In communities where fish consumption is higher due to its nutritional value, the risk of exposure to heavy metals is also increased. Therefore, assessing the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure in fish consumption guidelines is essential for informing consumers about potential dangers. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals is influenced by several factors, including the fish species, the concentration of metals in the environment, and the duration of exposure. For instance, benthic fish species typically exhibit higher levels of heavy metals compared to pelagic species due to their feeding habits and exposure to sediments that are often rich in pollutants. This accumulation of heavy metals can result in biological residues, where larger fish, higher in the food chain, accumulate greater concentrations of these toxic substances, thereby increasing the health risks associated with the consumption of such fish. By understanding the pathways of contamination and implementing effective remediation and management practices, the aquaculture industry can work towards ensuring the safety and sustainability of fish farming practices. The transition from traditional fishmeal-based feeds to alternative protein sources, coupled with effective waste management and the use of probiotics, can significantly reduce the ecological footprint of aquaculture. By prioritizing sustainability in feed formulation and aquaculture practices, the industry can contribute to the conservation of marine resources, enhance food security, and promote the health of aquatic ecosystems.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the presence of contaminants in aquaculture feed sources is a multifaceted issue that poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Heavy metals, mycotoxins, and persistent organic pollutants are prevalent in aqua feeds and can lead to bioaccumulation in fish, ultimately affecting consumers. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from producers, regulators, and researchers to ensure the safety and sustainability of aquaculture practices. Today, in light of the importance of reducing chemical pollutants and hazards in food for both humans and animals, it is crucial to implement control and monitoring measures for raw materials and complete feed for aquatic organisms within the commercial feed production chain in manufacturing facilities. To address this issue, permissible limits, also referred to as maximum tolerable levels, are established for these substances.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aquaculture
  • Fish feed
  • Heavy metal
  • Contamination
  • Health

مراجع

Adekanmbi, A.O., Olawuni, O.G., Olaposi, A.V. 2021. Metal contamination and coexistence of metal and antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species recovered from aquaculture ponds with and without history of antibiotic usage in Southwest Nigeria. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 45: 122. DOI: 10.1186/s42269-021-00581-3.
Ajiboye, O.O., Yakubu, A.F., Adams, T.E., Olaji, E.D., Nwogu, N.A. 2011. A review of the use of copepods in marine fish larviculture. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 21: 225-246. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-010-9169-3.
Alak, G., Köktürk, M., Atamanalp, M., Kocaman, E.M., Ucar, A., Esenbuğa, N., Özcan, S., Parlak, V. 2023. Microplastic abundance in rainbow trout life cycle: step by step. Sustainability 15: 14255. DOI: 10.3390/su151914255.
Amirkolaie, A.K. 2011. Reduction in the environmental impact of waste discharged by fish farms through feed and feeding. Reviews in Aquaculture 3: 19-26. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01040.x.
Arru, B., Furesi, R., Gasco, L., Madau, F., Pulina, P. 2019. The introduction of insect meal into fish diet: the first economic analysis on European sea bass farming. Sustainability 11: 1697. DOI: 10.3390/su11061697.
Authman, M.M., Zaki, M.S., Khallaf, E.A., Abbas, H.H. 2015. Use of fish as bio-indicator of the effects of heavy metals pollution. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development 6: 1-13. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000328.
Baeelashaki, R., Ghaemmaghami, S. 2024. Investigating the effect of feed hygiene in aquatic animals. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics 11: 47-56. DOI: 10.22034/11.3.2.
Barrett, L., Swearer, S., Dempster, T. 2018. Impacts of marine and freshwater aquaculture on wildlife: a global meta-analysis. Reviews in Aquaculture 11: 1022-1044. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12277.
Boyd, C., McNevin, A., Davis, R. 2022. The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food Security 14: 805-827. DOI: 10.1007/s12571-021-01246-9.
Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., Blundell, R. 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6: e04691. DOI: 10.1016/j. heliyon. 2020. e04691.
Bu, X. 2023. Innovation and development of the aquaculture nutrition research and feed industry in China. Reviews in Aquaculture 16: 759-774. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12865.
Bytyçi, P., Fetoshi, O., Durmishi, B., Zhushi-Etemi, F., Çadraku, H., Ismaili, M., Shala-Abazi, A. 2018. Status assessment of heavy metals in water of the Lepenci River basin, Kosovo. Journal of Ecological Engineering 19: 19-32. DOI: 10.12911/22998993/91273.
Cai, Z., Zhou, L., Liu, L., Wang, D., Ren, W., Long, H., Xie, Z. 2021. Bacterial epiphyte and endophyte communities of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii: the impact of feed extract solution. Environmental Microbiology Reports 13: 757-772. DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13019.
Cashion, T., Manach, F., Zeller, D., Pauly, D. 2017. Most fish destined for fishmeal production are food-grade fish. Fish and Fisheries 18: 837-844. DOI: 10.1111/faf.12209.
Chałabis-Mazurek, A., Rechulicz, J., Pyz-Łukasik, R. 2021. A food-safety risk assessment of mercury, lead and cadmium in fish recreationally caught from three lakes in Poland. Animals 11: 3507. DOI: 10.3390/ani11123507.
Cheng, J., Fan, H.C. 2021. Probiotic biosorption as a way to remove heavy metal in seawater. Journal of Emerging Investigators. 4: 1-4. DOI: 10.59720/21-029.
Choi, J., Park, S., Kim, Y., Oh, S., Lim, E., Hong, Y., Kim, M. 2016. Pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, and antibiotic residues in seven Korean freshwater aquaculture species. Food Science and Biotechnology 25: 1469-1476. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0228-y.
Cirillo, T., Fasano, E., Esposito, F., Amorena, M., Cocchieri, R. 2014. Occurrence of NDL-PCBs, DL-PCBs, PCDD/FS, lead and cadmium in feed and in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Italy. Food Additives and Contaminants 31A: 276-287. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.865279.
Das, P.R., Hossain, M.K., Sarker, B.S., Parvin, A., Das, S.S., Moniruzzaman, M., Saha, B. 2017. Heavy metals in farm sediments, feeds and bioaccumulation of some selected heavy metals in various tissues of farmed Pangasius hypophthalmus in Bangladesh. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 8: 1-9. DOI: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000218.
Diyie, R. 2024. Contamination of fish feed with pathogenic organisms: implications on fish diseases in aquaculture systems. Ghana Journal of Science Technology and Development 9l: 77-94. DOI: 10.47881/283.967x.
Dutta, J., Zaman, S., Thakur, T., Kaushik, S., Mitra, A., Singh, P., Datta, R. 2022. Assessment of the bioaccumulation pattern of Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg in edible fishes of East Kolkata wetlands, India. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 29: 758-766. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.039.
Emerenciano, M., Ballester, E., Cavalli, R., Wasielesky, W. 2011. Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Aquaculture Research 43: 447-457. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011. 02848.x.
Emon, F. 2023. Bioaccumulation and bioremediation of heavy metals in fishes: a review. Toxics 11: 510. DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060510.
Fang, J., Zhang, P., Fang, J., Jiang, Z., Gao, Y., Du, M. 2018. The growth and carbon allocation of abalone (Haliotis discus Hannai) of different sizes at different temperatures based on the abalone-kelp integrated multitrophic aquaculture model. Aquaculture Research 49: 2676-2683. DOI: 10.1111/are.13769.
Garzón, C., Rey, M., Sarmiento, P., Cárdenas, J. 2016. Fisheries, fish pollution and biodiversity: choice experiments with fishermen, traders and consumers. Economia Politica 33: 333-353. DOI: 10.1007/s40888-016-0041-3.
Gephart, J., Golden, C., Asche, F., Belton, B., Brugere, C., Froehlich, H., Allison, E. 2020. Scenarios for global aquaculture and its role in human nutrition. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture 29: 122-138. DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2020.1782342.
Glencross, B., Fracalossi, D., Hua, K., Izquierdo, M., Ma, K., Overland, M., Yakupityage, A. 2023. Harvesting the benefits of nutritional research to address global challenges in the 21st century. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 54: 343-363. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12948.
Gonçalves, R., Naehrer, K., Santos, G. 2016. Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial aquafeeds in Asia and Europe: a real risk to aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture 10: 263-280. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12159.
Hossain, M., Miazie, M., Nur, A., Paul, S., Bakar, M., Paray, B., Arai, T. 2022. Assessment of metal contamination in water of freshwater aquaculture farms from a South Asian tropical coastal area. Toxics 10: 536. DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090536.
Hossain, M.B., Sultana, J., Pingki, F.H., Nur, A.A.U., Mia, M.S., Bakar, M.A., Yu, J., Paray, B.A. and Arai, T., 2023. Accumulation and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediments of commercial aquaculture farms from a coastal area along the northern Bay of Bengal. Frontiers in Environmental Science 11, p.1148360.DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1148360.
Ju, Y., Chen, C., Chen, C., Chuang, X., Dong, C. 2017. Assessment of heavy metals in aquaculture fishes collected from southwest coast of Taiwan and human consumption risk. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 124: 314-325. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.04.003.
Justino, C.I., Duarte, K.R., Freitas, A.C., Panteleitchouk, T.S., Duarte, A.C., Rocha-Santos, T.A. 2016. Contaminants in aquaculture: Overview of analytical techniques for their determination. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 80: 293-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.07.014.
Karadal, O., Mantoğlu, S., Güroy, D., Şimşek, O., Çelebi, K., Eroldoğan, O., Genc, E. 2022. The effects of feeding frequency on the growth performance, body composition, health status and histology of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquaculture Research 53: 6855-6867. DOI: 10.1111/are.16151.
Kawasaki, N., Rajuddin, M., Nagao, N., Yusoff, F., Imai, A. 2016. Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from aquaculture farms to Selangor River, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7: 113-116. DOI: 10.7763/ijesd. 2016. v7.751.
Kaya, D., Hersi, M., Genc, E. 2022. Symbiotic effect of Bacillus clausii and galacto-oligosaccharide on growth and survival rates in red cherry shrimp (Neocaridina davidi). Marine and Life Sciences 4: 146-151. DOI: 10.51756/marlife.1181522.
Kousoulaki, K., Sveen, L., Norén, F., Espmark, Å., 2022. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) performance fed low trophic ingredients in a fish meal and fish oil free diet. Frontiers in Physiology 13: 884740. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.884740.
Kumar, R., Laskar, M.A., Hewaidy, I.F. 2019. Modified Adsorbents for Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Environment: A Review. Earth Systems and Environment 3: 83-93. DOI: 10.1007/s41748-018-0085-3.
Lal, J. 2024. Emerging innovations in aquaculture: navigating towards sustainable solutions. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14: 83-96. DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74254.
Lester, S.E., Stevens, J.M., Gentry, R.R., Kappel, C.V., Bell, T.W., Costello, C.J., Gaines, S.D., Kiefer, D.A., Maue, C.C., Rensel, J.E., Simons, R.D. 2018. Marine spatial planning makes room for offshore aquaculture in crowded coastal waters. Nature Communications 9: 945. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03249-1.
Łuszczek-Trojnar, E., Sionkowski, J., Drąg-Kozak, E., Popek, W. 2015. Copper and lead accumulation in common carp females during long-term dietary exposure to these metals in pond conditions. Aquaculture Research 47: 2334-2348. DOI: 10.1111/are.12689.
Mercy, M. and Dhanalakshmi, B., 2017. Toxicological evaluation of heavy metals in tissues of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from lakes of Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu, India. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 8: 41-45.DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.08018.
Maddusa, S.S., Asrifuddin, A., Mantjoro, E.M., 2022. Public health risk analysis due to consuming Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) containing heavy metals in Bakan village, Lolayan district, Bolaang Mongondow regency. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health 10: 45-51. DOI: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223524.
Malik, D.S., Maurya, P.K. 2014. Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and tissues of fish species (Heteropneustis fossilis and Puntius ticto) from Kali River, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 96: 1195-1206. DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2015.1015296.
Namulawa, V.T., Mutiga, S., Musimbi, F., Akello, S., Ngángá, F., Kago, L., Kyallo, M., Harvey, J., Ghimire, S., 2020. Assessment of fungal contamination in fish feed from the Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda. Toxins 12: 233. DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040233.
Nathanailides, C., Kolygas, M., Tsoumani, M., Gouva, E., Mavraganis, T., Karayanni, H. 2023. Addressing phosphorus waste in open flow freshwater fish farms: Challenges and solutions. Fishes 8: 442. DOI: 10.20944/preprints 202307.0227.v2.
Naz, S., Fazio, F., Habib, S., Nawaz, G., Attaullah, S., Ullah, M., Ahmed, I. 2022. Incidence of heavy metals in the application of fertilizers to crops (wheat and rice), a fish (common carp) pond and a human health risk assessment. Sustainability 14: 13441. DOI: 10.3390/su142013441.
Nyarko, E., Boateng, C., Asamoah, O., Edusei, M., Mahu, E. 2023. Potential human health risks associated with ingestion of heavy metals through fish consumption in the Gulf. Toxicology Reports 10: 117-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.01.005.
Obiero, K., Waidbacher, H., Nyawanda, B., Munguti, J., Manyala, J., Kaunda-Arara, B. 2019. Predicting uptake of aquaculture technologies among smallholder fish farmers in Kenya. Aquaculture International 27: 1689-1707. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-019-00423-0.
Ogbonna, D., Inana, M. 2018. Characterization and multiple antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates associated with fish aquaculture in ponds and rivers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Microbiology 10: 1-14. DOI: 10.9734/jamb/2018/41073.
Oliva Teles, A. 2012. Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 35: 83-108.  DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011. 01333. x.
Ouko, K.O., Mukhebi, A.W., Obiero, K.O., Opondo, F.A., Ngo’ng’a, C.A., Ongor, D.O. 2022. Stakeholders’ perspectives on the use of black soldier fly larvae as an alternative sustainable feed ingredient in aquaculture, Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 17: 64-79. DOI: 10.53936/afjare.2022.17(1).4.
Overland, M., Skrede, A. 2016. Yeast derived from lignocellulosic biomass as a sustainable feed resource for use in aquaculture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97: 733-742. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8007.
Phú, T., Phương, N., Dung, T., Hai, D., Sơn, V., Rico, A., Dalsgaard, A. 2015. An evaluation of fish health-management practices and occupational health hazards associated with Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquaculture Research 47: 2778-2794. DOI: 10.1111/are.12728.
Sanou, A., Coulibaly, S., Tanon, E., Baro, M., Meite, N., Guei, A., Atse, B. 2022. Contamination level of arsenic and cadmium in the water and sediments of a fish farm: application of contamination indices. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 11: 90. DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20221102.15.
Schenone, N., Cirelli, A. 2010. Fish-farming water quality and environmental concerns in Argentina: a regional approach. Aquaculture International 19: 855-863. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-010-9404-x.
Seiler, C., Berendonk, T.U. 2012. Heavy metal driven co-selection of antibiotic resistance in soil and water bodies impacted by agriculture and aquaculture. Frontiers in Microbiology 3: 399. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00399.
Shima, H., Asakura, T., Sakata, K., Koiso, M., Kikuchi, J. 2024. Feed Components and Timing to Improve the Feed Conversion Ratio for Sustainable Aquaculture Using Starch. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25: 7921. DOI: 10.20944/preprints 202406. 1207. v1.
Singh, A., Gupta, H., Srivastava, A., Srivastava, A., Joshi, R.C., Dutta, M.K. 2021. A novel pilot study on imaging‐based identification of fish exposed to heavy metal (Hg) contamination. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45: 15571. DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15571.
Sorur, M., El-Baramawy, M., Sharkawey, G., Kord, I. 2014. Evaluation of biochar as a biofilter for application in commercial fish culture system. Mediterranean Aquaculture Journal 6: 30-39. DOI: 10.21608/maj.2014.4626.
Stead, S. 2019. Using systems thinking and open innovation to strengthen aquaculture policy for the United Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Fish Biology 94: 837-844. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13970.
Sultana, S., Hossain, M., Choudhury, T., Yu, J., Rana, M., Noman, M., Arai, T. 2022. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in cultured shrimp and aquaculture sludge. Toxics 10: 175. DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040175.
Tang, W., Shan, B., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Ding, Y. 2014. Heavy metal pollution characteristics of surface sediments in different aquatic ecosystems in eastern China: a comprehensive understanding. Plos One 9: e108996. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108996.
Vardali, S., Papadouli, C., Rigos, G., Nengas, I., Panagiotaki, P., Golomazou, E. 2023. Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in fish feed ingredients. Molecules 28: 2519. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062519.
Venkateswarlu, V., Venkatrayulu, C. 2020. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in edible marine fish from coastal areas of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10: 18-24. DOI: 10.30574/gscbps.2020.10.1.0244.
Vijayaram, S. 2024. Use of algae in aquaculture: A review. Fishes 9: 63. DOI: 10.3390/fishes9020063.
Wei, Y., Bu, J., Long, H., Zhang, X., Cai, X., Huang, A., Ren, W., Xie, Z. 2021. Community structure of protease-producing bacteria cultivated from aquaculture systems: potential impact of a tropical environment. Frontiers in Microbiology 12: 638129. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638129.
Zhang, R., Zhao, J., Sheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Ye, J. 2022. Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of trace metals in eleven tissues of Mylopharyngodon piceus collected from an aquaculture pond in Huzhou, near southern Taihu Lake. Sustainability 14: 11323. DOI: 10.3390/su141811323.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار